How big corporates frame our world in their benefit (and against ours)
A lot of Chinese have been struggling with health issues related to obesity. But in the past days, the news came out that McDonalds and Coca-Cola have been influencing China’s obesity policy. The junk food companies have managed to steer attention away from the problem (an unhealthy diet) and place the solution completely with the individual: exercise more.
This is utterly disgusting, perverse corporate behaviour: Filling the pockets of a few at the expense of an entire society.
And it is not a first offence, either. It is a structural pattern that dates back at least until the early 1950’s, and with detrimental effects that last until this very day.
One of the most damaging framing campaigns dates from 1971. Annie Leonard wrote about it in the introduction of the WorldWatch Institute’s 2013 State of the World report, “Moving from Individual Change to Societal Change”:
In one of the most iconic ads of the twentieth century, a Native American (actually, it was an Italian dressed up as a Native American) canoes through a river strewn with trash. He disembarks and walks along the shore as the passenger in a car driving past throws a bag of litter out the window. As the camera zooms in to a single tear rolling down his cheek, the narrator announces, “People start pollution. People can stop it.”
This 1971 ad, just a year after the first national Earth Day celebration, had a huge impact on a generation awakening to environmental concerns. Children and young adults watched it over and over, shared the faux-Indian’s grief, and vowed to make changes in their individual lives to stop pollution. That response was exactly what the ad’s creators hoped for: individual action. For the ad was produced not by a campaign to protect the environment but by a campaign to protect the garbage-makers themselves.
In 1953, a number of companies involved in making and selling disposable beverage containers created a front group that they maintain to this day, called Keep America Beautiful (KAB). Since the beginning, KAB has worked diligently to ensure that waste was seen as a problem solved by improved individual responsibility, not stricter regulations or bottle bills.
By spreading slogans like “people start pollution, people can stop it,” KAB effectively shifted attention away from those who design, produce, market, and profit from all those single-use disposable bottles and cans that were ending up in rivers and on roadsides. As part of this effort, KAB created the infamous “crying Indian” ad against litter.
If you live in the Netherlands like me, you’ll recognize the KAB’s narrative in the ‘Een beter milieu begint bij jezelf’ campaigns, which ran here a decade later.https://cdn.embedly.com/widgets/media.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2Fimv_nV8PtN8%3Ffeature%3Doembed&display_name=YouTube&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dimv_nV8PtN8&image=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fimv_nV8PtN8%2Fhqdefault.jpg&key=a19fcc184b9711e1b4764040d3dc5c07&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=youtubeThe Dutch campaign meant well, but ultimately supported the framing of greenhouse gasses as a civilian’s problem — never any finger was pointed to the real causes
The effects?
It worked. Over the last few decades, the theme of the individual’s role in wrecking the environment, and the individual’s responsibility in fixing it, has only grown stronger — driven not just by KAB but by hundreds of businesses, by the government, even by well-meaning individuals and organizations. Today, lists of “10 simple things you can do to save the environment” abound.
But:
Framing environmental deterioration as the result of poor individual choices — littering, leaving the lights on when we leave a room, failing to car-pool — not only distracts us from identifying and demanding change from the real drivers of environmental decline. It also removes these issues from the political realm to the personal, implying that the solution is in our personal choices rather than in better policies, business practices, and structural context.
And that is a huge issue.
If we focus the bulk of our attention on reducing waste in our kitchens, we miss the much larger potential to promote reducing waste in our industries and businesses — where it is truly needed.
As mentioned, the KAB still exists. Members include the aforementioned Coca-Cola and McDonalds, but also PepsiCo and even Unilever.
Presenting themselves as advocates of healthy, active, sustainable lifestyles, they will happily introduce superficial innovations like the Coco-Cola ‘plant bottle’ or replace one product for the other like McDonalds did with sustainably sourced coffee.
But we need to keep our focus on change beyond the level of our individual actions, and beyond superficial innovations. Society-wide, we need to implement new business models, cultural norms, infrastructure, policies, and laws.
As 350.org founder Bill McKibben says:
First change your politicians, then worry about your lightbulbs.
Or, in Leonard’s view:
Small actions are a fine place to start. But they are a terrible place to stop.
Index
“Make the world work, for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation, without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone.” - R. Buckminster Fuller